Acton Institute | Anthony B. Bradley Ph.D. | May 6, 2009
Necessity is the mother of invention, said Plato, and the truth of the proverb has been borne out once again. Necessity is generating entrepreneurial energy amid America’s current economic crisis, according to a new study by the Kansas City-based Kaufman Foundation. The study reveals an increase in business startups during 2008, as the recession was taking hold. The rise is consistent with similar previous trends, such as the boomlet occurring after the tech bust of the 1990s. Throughout human history, a nation’s best resource in time of crisis has been the unleashed creative and entrepreneurial spirit of its citizens.
According to the study, U.S. entrepreneurship rates increased for lowest-income-potential and middle-income-potential types of businesses from 2007 to 2008 but decreased for the highest-income-potential types of businesses. In other words, the highest growth rates were among necessity-inspired everyday Americans. The entrepreneurial spirit embedded in all human persons has been stirred in women and men at all levels of society.
The oldest age group—ages 55 to 64—experienced a big increase in business-creation rates from 2007 to 2008 and, as a result, has the highest level of business creation at 0.36 percent. Among immigrants, entrepreneurial activity rates increased sharply in 2008 from 0.46 percent in 2007 to 0.53 percent in 2008, further widening the gap between immigrant and native-born rates. Even within the field of high-income type enterprises, immigrants remain more likely than U.S. natives to start businesses.
Continuing an upward trend that began in 2005, Latino entrepreneurial activity rates increased from 0.40 percent in 2007 to 0.48 percent in 2008. During the thirteen years of the study, Latinos have had the overall highest percentage increase in entrepreneurial activity: from 0.33 percent in 1996 to 0.48 percent in 2008.
Among Asian-Americans, entrepreneurial activity also increased substantially, from 0.29 percent in 2007 to 0.35 percent in 2008. The study concludes by noting that white business-creation rates increased slightly, while African-American rates slightly declined.
Looking at gender, women are experiencing faster growth in their rate of entrepreneurial activity than men. From 2007 to 2008, men’s rate increased from 0.41 percent to 0.42 percent, while women’s climbed from 0.20 percent to 0.24. Geographically, the states with the highest 2008 entrepreneurial activity rates were Georgia (with Atlanta leading among large cities), New Mexico, Montana, Arizona, Alaska and California. The states with the lowest entrepreneurial activity rates were Pennsylvania, Missouri, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Iowa and Ohio.
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Championing the entrepreneurial spirit is not, however, a tacit affirmation of all enterprising activity. The best entrepreneurial effort is that what which enlivens virtue and orients society toward the good. Immoral forms of crisis-driven entrepreneurial activity undermine the character and integrity of the producer and the consumer. We have seen this recently in various scams to defraud those who are vulnerable, in the theft of private property that is then sold in international black markets, and in human trafficking and prostitution.
When individuals are truly free to exercise their talents and trade the production of their labor, without oppression from tyrants or the entanglements of unnecessary government “oversight,” the net effect is mutually beneficial for society as a whole. Robert Fairlie, professor of economics at the University of California, Santa Cruz and author of the Kaufman study, notes, “the continuing effects of the recession on business creation are important because entrepreneurs contribute to economic growth, innovation and job creation in the United States.”
There is hope for economic recovery in the United States as more and more Americans use their freedom to make contributions to the benefit of society. More broadly, there is hope that people in all nations will be afforded basic human rights, private property security, and the necessary legal protections to continue to prove that the entrepreneurial spirit is a positive force in bringing the material goods of the world to all.
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